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Villy Sørensen (1929-2002) | |
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Danish philosopher, short-story writer, and essayist, in a wide sense a modernist storyteller in the tradition of his great countrymen Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard. Sørensen developed his philosophical and psychological views as an integral part of his fiction. His style is misleadingly clear but hides a multi-layered and ironic interpretation of the world. Sørensen's psychological insights have much in common with Franz Kafka. - Don't you want to die, then? Villy Sørensen was born in Frederiksberg, near Copenhagen. He attended the Vestre Borgerdydskole, and graduated in 1947. Sørensen then studied philosophy at the University of Copenhagen and the University of Freiburg. During the post-World War II period he became a major figure in Danish intellectual life. From 1959 to 1963 he co-edited with Klaus Rifbjerg Vindrosen, the leading Danish modernist journal of its time. In 1965 he became a member of the Danish Academy. From 1978 to 1981 he was the editor of På Vej, and Gyldendal Kulturbibliotek from 1987 to 1991. Sørensen received several awards, including the Danish Critics Prize (1959), Danish Academy Prize (1962), Gyldendal Prize (1965), Nathansen Award (1969), Holberg Medal (1973), Brandes Prize (1973), Steffens Prize (1974), Nordic Council Prize (1974), Amalienborg Prize (1977), Hans Christian Andersen Award (1983), Swedish Academy Nordic Prize (1986), Poul Henningsen Prize (1987), Wilster Prize (1988), and Paul Hammerich Prize (1994). Sørensen had an honorary degree from the University of Copenhagen. Sørensen's first collection of stories, Sære historier, appeared in 1953 and marked the beginning of Danish modernism in literature. It was followed two years later by Ufarlige historier. Sørensen's third collection, Formynderfortællinger, was published in 1964. These works explored the realms of the fantastic, and the individual's confrontation with the absurd and unknown parts of self. Sørensen drew the material from the Bible, legends, ballads, world literature and history. In the short story 'Another Metamorphosis' the invisible narrator observes two German brothers, who have bought a doll’s house for their father. He has returned home from a nursing home, where they have shrunk him - he is some 20 or 30 centimeters tall. "... and I thought: Nowadays Kafka's type of metamorphosis is perhaps not the common one." (from Another Metamorphosis and Other Fictions, 1990) In the 1960s Sørensen participated in the social and political debate through the translations of Kafka's short stories and works on Friedrich Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. He also edited Karl Marx's Økonomi of filosofi (1962) but has emphasized that he himself has no political career. However, in the character of Seneca, a poet, thinker, and a statesman, the author has recognized his own inner conflicts. In 1976 appeared Seneca: The Humanist at the Court of Nero, "pursuing further the examination of the myth as expressing man's disharmony, and at the same time interpreting a complex personality and culture. It is at once a scholarly examination of Seneca and his work and an explanation of the apparent contradictions between Seneca's principles and actions. Nero's court is a mirror of modern society, and no one reading this impressive book can fail to see its application to the present century." (W. Glyn Jones in Contemporary World Writers, ed. by Tracy Chevalier, 1993) In "The Enemy", from Sære historier, a village is annihilated by a man who burns with his glare his enemies, but saves a dark-eyed girl. He tells how he would have saved all if he had known that he would meet the girl there. The girl asks in disappointment whether he had not come for her? The burned soldiers kill the man, the village is rebuilt but the girl never marries. "A Tale of Glass" from Formynderfortællinger depicts with seemingly simplicity the consequences of an optician's invention of a glass which transforms the perception of those who peer through it so that the world looks good. In Ragnarok (1982, The Downfall of the Gods) Sørensen took his subject from the 10th-century Icelandic poem Völuspá, in which Ragnarok is the great battle which provides a climax for the "Twilight of the Gods" in Norse Mythology. Sørensen's work is much based on Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda (ca. 1220). Ragnarok's language is derived from fairy tales - it is explicit but conveys meanings that connect ancient gods to the modern world and eternal philosophical problems. Among the central characters is Loki, who is not good, not bad, but a kind of trickster-character. In 'Balder's dream' the god of light and justice is troubled by a recurrent dream, in which he is killed by other gods but not Loki. He is afraid of death and asks himself why Odin, the god of wisdom, war and death, doesn't do anything to stop Ragnarok, the end of the world. But if Odin, the supreme god, has no knowledge of Ragnarok, what kind of god was he then? Vejrdage (1980) is a collection of reflections in verse and prose in the form of diary entries from the summer of 1979. German existentialism and the writings of Martin Heidegger have especially and deeply influenced Sørensen. His philosophically orientated writings include Digtere og dæmoner (1959), Hverken-eller (1961), and Jesus og Kristus (1992). In Formynderfortællinger Sørensen examined through the figures of Judas and Saint Paul free will and determinism. As an essayist Sørensen has questioned the materialism and rationalism of the day. Originally he did not consider himself an essayist - he started to write philosophically in order to explain what he had said in other ways. Among Sørensen's central themes are the contrasting relationships between art and democracy, intellect and emotion, the breakdown of values, and the threats of totalitarian ideologies. However, Uprør fra midten (1978, Revolt from the Center), a political vision of the future, co-authored with Niels I Meyer and K. Helweg-Pedersen, was especially accused of totalitarian views. For further reading: Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, vol. 4, ed. by Steven R, Serafin (1999); Encyclopedia of The Essay, ed. by Tracy Chevalier (1997); "The Comic Conception of Reality. The Relationship between the Comic, Language, and Cognition in the Works of Villy Sørensen" by Catarina Testa (in Scandinavian Studies, LXIV, 1992); Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature, ed. by Jean-Albert Bédé and William B. Edgerton (1980); Litterær arkæologi. Studier i Villy Sørensens Formynderfortællinger by Jørgen Bonde Jensen (1978); Villy Sørensen. En ideologi-kritisk analyse by Ebbe Sønderriis (1972); A History of Danish Literature by P.M. Mitchell (1971) - For further information: Villy Sørensen (bibliography) - Sørensenilta on suomennettu mm. proosavalikoima Tarinoita (1968). Selected works:
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