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Flora Nwapa (1931-1993) | |
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Nigerian writer, teacher, and administrator, a forerunner of a whole generation of African women writers. Flora Nwapa is best-known for re-creating Igbo (Ibo) life and traditions from a woman's viewpoint. With EFURU (1966) Nwapa became black Africa's first internationally published female novelist in the English language. She has been called the mother of modern African literature "When I do write about women in Nigeria, in Africa, I try to paint a positive picture about women because there are many women who are very, very positive in their thinking, who are very, very independent, and very, very industrious." (from an interview with Marie Umeh, 1995) Flora (Nwanzuruahal) Nwapa was born in Oguta, eastern Nigeria, which was then a British colony. Both of her parents, Christopher Ijeoma and Martha Nwapa, were teachers. She was educated at the University of Idaban, receiving her B.A. in 1957. Nwapa continued her studies in England, earning in 1958 a degree in education from the University of Edinburgh. After returnig to Nigeria in 1959 Nwapa worked as an education officer in Calabar for a short time, and then she taught geography and English at Queen's School in Enugu. From 1962 to 1964 Nwapa was an assistant registrar at the University of Lagos. During the Nigerian Civil war, which broke out in 1967, she left Lagos with her family. Like many members of the Igbo elite, they were forced to to return to the eastern region after the end of the conflict. Nwapa served from 1970 to1971 as Minister for Health and Social Welfare for the East Central State. Her tasks included finding homes for 2000 war orphans. Later she worked for Commissioner for Lands, Survey, and Urban Development. In 1982 the Nigerian government bestowed on her one of the country's highest honors, the OON (Order of Niger). By her own town, Oguta, she was awarded the highest chieftaincy title, Ogbuefi, which is usually reserved for men of achievement. Besides writing books, Nwapa established Tana Press, which published adult fiction. It was the first indigenous publishing house owned by a black African woman in West Africa. Between 1979 and 1981 she produced eight volumes of adult fiction. Nwapa set up also another publishing company, Flora Nwapa and Co., which specialized in children's fiction. In these books she combined Nigerian elements with general moral and ethical teachings. As a business woman, she also encouraged with her own exaple to break the traditional female roles of wife/mother and strive for equality in society. However, Nwapa did not call herself a feminist but a "womanist", a term coined by the American writer Alice Walker in her collection of essays, In Search of My Mother's Garden: Womanist Prose (1983). As a novelist Nwapa made her debut with Efuru, based on an old folktale of a woman chosen by gods, but challenged the traditional portrayal of women. Efuru, which Nwapa started to write in 1962, was the first novel published by a Nigerian woman. She sent to manuscript to Chinua Achebe in Lagos and after some editorial suggestions, Achebe sent it to Heineman Educational Books for publication. The story was set in a rural community. Efuru, the heroine, is a strong and beautiful woman. She loses her child and has two unhappy marriages, but struggless against all obstacles to become a successful businesswoman. At the end she goes to the lake goddess, Uhamiri, who is like a mirror of herself. Uhamiri gives her worshipers wealth and beauty but few children. Nwapa's second novel, IDU (1970), was also a story about a woman, whose life is bound up with that of her husband. When he dies, she choices to seek him out in the land of dead rather than live without him or prefer motherhood to anything else. The critical reception was mainly hostile. Eustace Palmer in African Literature Today and Eldred Jones in The Journal of Commonwealth Literature compared it with Elechi Amadi's The Concubine (1966), but not in Nwapa's favour. Nwapa wrote short stories, poetry and children's books, such as MUMMYWATER (1979), which brought to life a water deity - the water goddess Ogbuide or Uhamiri appeared also in her adult fiction. Nwapa's war novel, NEVER AGAIN (1975), drew its material from the Nigerian Civil War (see also: Chinua Achebe). The protagonist, Kate, who starts as a supporter of the Biafran cause, ends struggling simply to survive. WIVES AT WAR, AND OTHER STORIES (1980) dealt with the Biafran conflict. Flora Nwapa died on October 16, 1993 in Enugu, Nigeria. She was married to Gogo Nwakuche, an industrialist; they had three children. At the time of her death, Nwapa had completed a manuscript of THE LAKE GODDESS, her final novel. It focused on the lake goddess Mammy Water, the eternal spring and mythical inspirer of Nwapa's fiction. Legends tell that the fairy godmother has her adobe on the bottom of Oguta Lake, near the author's birthplace. For further reading: Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa by Feml Nzegwu (2003); Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, vol. 3, ed. by Steven R. Serafin (1999); Postcolonial African Writers, ed. by Pushpa Naidu Parekh and Siga Fatima Jagne (1998); Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa, ed. by Marie Umeh (1997); 'These Days [III] - A Letter to Flora Nwapa' by Ama Ata Aidoo, in Research in African Literatures, ed. by Marie Umeh and Ogunyemi Chicwenye Okonjo (1995); Motherlands, ed. by Susheila Nasta (1992); Nigerian Female Writers, ed. by Henrietta Otokunefor and Obiageli Nwodo (1989); Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature, ed. by Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves (1986); Women Writers in Black Africa by Lloyd W. Brown (1981) - Note: Flora Nwapa's date of birth is in some sources 18 Jan. 1931; in this calendar: 13. Jan., 1931 Selected works:
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